|
|
|
|
|
201 AD |
Emperor Septimius Severus, (d.
York, UK 4/2/211) started a persecution of Christians whilst traveling in
Palestine. This persecution was intense, but it was confined to the East,
[1] and northern Africa, [49]. The persecution lasted until the second
year of his son Caracalla, but background systematic persecution continued
until 313 AD. |
[1]
[49], pp. 98, 141,
172 |
|
201 AD
November |
Edessa is badly damaged by a
serious flood as recorded in surviving city archives written in
Syriac (read a revised and corrected translation here). This was the first of three devastating
floods which are recorded in [41]. This fascinating archive from the city
records demonstrates, amongst other things, that a Church building existed
in Edessa at this time. |
[27], part 2, vol 1, p. 23
[33]
[41] |
|
202 AD |
King Abgar IX builds a new palace
near the site of the springs of water in Edessa, (a site destroyed during
the flood- see translation given above).
Date of a pagan Syriac
inscription at Kirk Magara outside Edessa, (Urfa); Translation: 'I
G'W, daughter of Barshuma, made for myself this burial place. I ask of you
who come after [and] who may enter here, move not my bones from the
sarcophagus. He that shall move my bones - may he have no latter end, and
may he be accursed to Marilaha.' Beside this is another Syriac
inscription: 'Remembered be Barshuma bar Wa'el' |
[27], part 2, vol 1, p. 23
[29], p.
118
Inscription: [33], pp. 59 & plate 29b |
|
203 AD |
Clement bishop of
Alexandria flees Alexandria as the persecution breaks out ordered by
the emperor, Septimus Severus. Perpetua and others are martyred in
Cathage. |
[49], pp. 98, 141, 172 |
|
c. 204 AD |
Abgar IX adopts Christianity
(though he may not have converted to Christianity himself) as the
religion of the ruling house at Edessa. Bardaisan who also lived at
this time, was the king's friend. Bardaisan had been converted to
Christianity earlier during the see of bishop Hystasp. Bardaisan
wrote polemics against the heresies of Marcion. Later Bardaisan was
excommunicated by 'Aqi (who was bishop after Hystasp) because
Bardaisan did not believe in a bodily resurrection. Nevertheless,
Bardaisan is credited with founding the theological School of
Edessa where he had many disciples, [60]. Famous pupils who trained in
the early days of the School of Edessa included Lucian the Martyr
and Paul of Samosata bishop of Antioch, who were both martyred in
AD 303, (which see). |
[29], p. 118-9
[33], p. 36
[60],
p. 27 |
|
fl. c. 210 AD |
Hippolytus, a great Roman
theologian and writer who lived c. AD 170 – 236. He and a writings were
mentioned by Eusebius rather grudgingly, (H.E. 6.20, 22) because
Hippolytus was not too keen on the Popes. |
[35], p. 51 |
|
Early 3rd century
AD |
Arabs of the Tanukh tribe settled a few
miles south of Kufa, west of the Euphrates river. This tent settlement
grew to become a permanent settlement called Al-Hira and then a small
vassal Arab kingdom ruled by the Lakhmids who were allies of the Sassanid
rulers of Persia. This Arab tribe converted to Christianity sometime long
before AD 380 and was represented by a bishop at the Synod of Isaac, (see
under AD 411), [60]. |
[60], p.
43 |
|
211 AD |
Caracalla or Antoninus son of
Septimius Severus became Roman emperor on the death of his
father. |
[49], p.
144 |
|
212 AD
([49] has AD
214) |
Caracalla wrote a decree
conferring Roman citizenship upon all free inhabitants of the Roman
empire, (this was so that he could tax more people!). |
[2]
[49], p. 130 |
|
214 AD
(212 or 213 according to
[29]) |
Death of Abgar IX, king of
Osrhoene at Edessa. He was succeeded by his son Abgar X
Severus. |
[8], p. 200.
[29]
[15] |
|
215 AD |
Origen, visits Palestine and is
asked to preach in church, even though he had not been ordained.
|
[49], p. 186 f. |
|
216 AD |
King Abgar X Severus was deposed
in the reign of the Roman emperor Caracalla. Osrhoene with the
capital city Edessa (Urhoy) became part of the Roman Empire, (but
the kingdom of Osrhoene continued as a Roman client kingdom until AD
241). |
[7], p. 58, 152
[15]
[35], p.
32 |
|
216 AD
[17] has AD 217 or 218.
[35] has 217 AD |
In the reign of the Roman emperor
Caracalla, Osrhoene and the capital city of Edessa (Urhoy)
became a colony within the Roman Empire, (but the kingdom of Osrhoene
continued as a Roman client kingdom). King Abgar X Severus was
deposed, (killed?) and replaced by his son Ma’nu IX.
Sextus
Julius Africanus visited Osrhoene at this time and made copies of the
archives of Edessa |
[7], p. 58 & p. 152.
[27]
[15]
[17], p. 142
[35], pp. 27, 32 |
|
October 1st AD 217 to
2nd May 218 AD
([41] has 239 or 240 AD and [49] has 216
AD) |
Birth of Mani who later founded
his own religion, (see below under AD 242). Mani's religion was only very
loosely based upon Christianity and was a vigorous competitor to orthodox
Christianity, particularly in the 4th century. Manicheism
became particularly widespread, extending from western Europe to
China. |
[41]
[49], p. 177
ff. |
|
8th April
217
AD |
Roman emperor Caracalla or
Antoninus was assassinated during his attack on Parthia, [35], [49]. His
'cubiculo Augusti' or Chamberlain was a Christian called Marcus
Aurelius Prosenes who died shortly afterwards on 3rd May in
the same year. His tombstone inscription survives, [49]. |
[35], p. 27
[49], p. 142
f. |
|
218 AD |
Elagabalus became Roman emperor.
He reigned until AD 222. |
[49], p. 145 |
|
222 AD |
Death of Bardaisan.
First
year of the reign of the emperor Alexander Severus, 222 - 235 AD
who had many Christians amongst his courtiers including Sextus Julius
Africanus. |
[33], p. 36.
[35], p. 56
[38], p.
21
[49], pp. 107, 144 |
|
200 - 250 AD |
Origen visited the Roman province
of Arabia several times and records that there were Christian
congregations and 'overseers' in most towns. On his second visit, he met
Beryllus, bishop of Bostra in Arabia between 233 and 250 AD,
who was a prolific and respected author, (it is greatly to be regretted
that none of his works survive). |
[35], pp. 51, 57, p.
97:map |
|
224 AD |
The Arsacid or Parthian dynasty
in Persia was replaced by the Sassanid or Persian dynasty. However,
the Arsacid dynasty retained control of Armenia until AD
428. |
[44], p. 3
[60], p.
10 |
|
By 225 AD |
There were Christian bishops of Qatar
and monasteries were built there before AD 300 |
[60], p. 44 |
|
226 – 229 AD |
Origen quotes from what he calls
a ‘Gospel According to the Hebrews‘ in his ‘Commentary in Matthew’
at Mt19v16ff. And again in his ‘Commentary in John,’ book 5, which was
written in Alexandria between 226 and 229 AD; ‘..and the gospel is, in
truth, one in the midst of four.’ The phrase, 'One in the midst of
four' in Origen's Greek text is ‘dia tessaron’ i.e. "Diatessaron".
This comment is somewhat ambiguous, but it may be the earliest reference
to the Diatessaron gospel harmony by this title. |
Petersen, “Diatessaron”, pp. 37 note 9,
259 |
|
227 or 226 AD |
Ardeshir son of Pabqan became
king of Persia and founder of the Sassanian dynasty. He and his
descendants were Zoroastrians (fire worshippers) by
religion. |
[7], p. 152.
[35], p. 27
[37], p.
xi |
|
230 AD |
Ardeshir beseiged
Nisibis. |
[35], p. 60, note 40 |
|
231 AD |
Council of Alexandria.
Origen, in the course of a journey in this or the following year
was ordained as an Presbyter (Elder) by Bishop Theoctistus in
Caesarea with the support of Alexander, bishop of Jerusalem. On his
return to Alexandria, Origen was asked to leave town, [49] or more likely,
he left because Demetrius bishop of Alexandria condemned him
at the council of Alexandria, [35]. Anyway, shocked by this, Origen left
Alexandria and made his home in Caesarea (Palestine). |
[35], p. 57
[49], p. 186
f. |
|
232 AD |
A house church has been excavated
at Dura Europus Mesopotamia dated to 232 AD. |
[35], p. 75 |
|
233 AD |
Ardeshir captures Nisibis
and Harran which were later recaptured by emperor Gordian in
243 AD. |
[33], p. 111 |
|
235 AD |
Died Roman emperor Alexander
Severus. He was succeeded by emperor Maximinus Thrax who
reigned until AD 238. Emperor Maximinus purged all of the imperial
household, presumably removing many Christians who had been present in the
previous reign. |
[49], p. 144 |
|
236 AD |
Fabian became bishop of
Rome. He sat until his martyrdom during the Decian persecution, see
below. |
[49], p. 142 |
|
238 or 239 AD |
The Persian king Ardeshir takes
control of Armenia from the Romans. There was a successful Roman counter
attack later in AD 243 led by the young Roman emperor Gordian III
who reigned from AD 238 until his murder in AD 244. |
[49], p. 129 |
|
240 - 243 AD |
Three legal documents written in
Syriac from the third century (dated 28 Dec 240, 1 Sept 242 and 243,
respectively) have been found. These were discovered in the Euphrates
valley (Brock 1991, Drijvers 1972). |
[26]
[27] |
|
c. 2nd May
242
AD |
Shabor (or Shapur) I son of
Ardeshir became king of Persia.
According to his own writings quoted in
[49], Mani was 24 years old in the year that Ardeshir took the city
of Hatra. In the same year, on or shortly before the 8th
of the month Pharmouthi = 2nd May, [49] in AG 553 =
2nd May 242, [37] Shabor son Ardeshir became king of Persia.
Mani wrote seven Aramaic books for his own religion and another apology
called 'Sabuhragon' written in middle Persian for king Shabor I. One of
the seven Aramaic books he wrote was called, 'The living gospel'.
Mani's Aramaic gospel must have borrowed large amounts of narrative from
the Old Syriac gospel. We know this because Augustine of Hippo, who was a
Manichee before he was a Catholic, quotes the gospel from a Latin
translation of Mani's edition. When Augustine quotes the Manichean gospel
in his writings they often show Old Syriac variants which Mani must have
carried over into his own version. Thus, in addition to Marcionite Luke,
there was another Old Syriac gospel text type, the Manichean
living gospel. |
[37] p. xi
[49], p
178 |
|
242 AD |
Abgar XI Farhat son of Ma’nu IX
became (presumably Persian client) king of Osrhoene and reigned 2 years.
In the same year, Udhainat II became king of Palmyra. |
[15]
[35], p. 61, note
40. |
|
243 AD |
Emperor Gordian III recaptures
Harran and Nisibis from the Persians in the battle of
Resaina. |
[33], p. 111 |
|
244 AD
(or 241 AD,
[7]) |
The client kingdom of Osrhoene with the
capital city at Edessa is abolished, the king Abgar XI Farhat
is deposed and the region is absorbed into the Roman
empire. |
[7], p. 58
[15] |
|
244 – 249 AD |
Reign of Roman emperor Marcus Julius
Philipus the Arabian who was a Christian, (or perhaps he revered
Christ as part of a pantheon).
The emperor Philip made significant
territorial concessions to Shabor I king of Persia in return for a truce,
[49]. Shabor I enforced his 'fire worship' religion (Zoroastrianism) in
the newly annexed territories with extreme violence, through his servant
Kartir. According to an important Persian inscription, this Kartir
attacked and persecuted all the other faith groups including; the Roman
pagan religion, Jews, Buddhists, the Brahmins, Nazarenes (i.e.
Aramaic speaking Christians), Christians (i.e. Christians who spoke
Greek), Baptizers (probably a reference to the Mandean cult) and the
Manicheans, [49], p. 129 f.
In the west, during the reign of Philip,
there was a brief, 5 year respite from Christian
persecution. |
[1]
[35], p. 58
[49], pp. 107,
129 f. |
|
247 - 249 AD |
Origen's third visit to
Arabia. |
[35], pp. 57-58 |
|
248 AD |
The Romans who had abolished the kingdom
of Edessa, (Osrhoene) installed a Governor, Aurelianus son of Haphsai,
son of Bar Kalba (a freedman of Antonius Caesar). He is mentioned in
pagan Syriac inscriptions attributed to Bar Nahar (or Bar Nahad) son of
Rinai ruler of the Arabs, (Parthia).
Michael the Syrian
mentions Aurelianus son of Haphsai in his Chronicle. |
[29] |
|
249 - 251 AD |
Short tyranny of the Roman emperor
Decius, who died in the summer of AD 251 whilst he was fighting the
Goths. |
[35], p. 60
[49], p.
133 |
|
250 - 251 AD |
In January AD 250, the emperor
Decius issued an edict which began a major persecution of
Christians. Fabian bishop of Rome was martyred on 20th January AD
250, [49]. The persecution was particularly bad in Alexandria and in
Cathage. Babylas, (or Babola) bishop of Antioch was martyred
on 24th January AD 250, [49] and Alexander, bishop of
Jerusalem died in prison during torture. Origen was injured by
torture but survived for a while.
Pionius was martyred in
Smyrna for celebrating the anniversary of Polycarp's martyrdom. (This
Pionius was probably the transcriber of the account of Polycarp's
martyrdom.)
Sylvanus, bishop of Emesa, (Homs) was
martyred in the city's arena. He was Aramaic speaking and had been bishop
of Emesa since AD 210. |
[1]
[35], pp. 60, 63
[6], p.
134
[7], p. 33
[49], pp. 131, 142 |
|
251 AD |
There was a synod in Rome and another in
Cathage. |
[7], p. 31 |
|
252 AD |
Antioch was taken by the Persian
king Shabur I. |
[49], p. 134 |
|
252 AD |
Persecution starts again under the new
Emperor Gallus during a plague that swept across the entire Roman
empire at that time. |
[1] |
|
253 AD
August |
Valerian becomes Roman
Emperor |
[1]
[49], p. 133 |
|
253 AD - 268 AD |
Unusually severe natural and man-made
disasters followed in the Mediterranean world, disease, wars, drought,
earthquakes and even a tidal wave. Half the population of Alexandria was
destroyed, (Christians were usually blamed for these disasters and
attacked). |
[1] |
|
254 AD |
Tyre, Palestine. Origen a
prominent Christian theologian, eventually dies at the age of 69 from his
wounds after being stretched on a rack, 'to the fourth hole' during
Decius' persecution a few years before. |
[1]
[7], p. 33
[49], p.
187 |
|
255 AD
([38] has 256
AD) |
Ardeshir (really king Shabor I of
Persia) captures Dura Europus, Nisibis and Carrhae (i.e.
Harran) from the Romans but fails to capture Edessa and fails to
take Palmyra from king Udhainat, ([13] has 256 - 257 AD).
Nevertheless, he took many prisoners including many Christians whom he
deported back to Persia. According to the Nestorian Chronicle, (see [42])
they built churches all over the orient including two at Ranshahr
or Rev-Ardeshir, where the bishops resided. One was called the
church of the Romans where the services were spoken in Greek and the other
was called Karmanum where the services were spoken in Syriac. This
is the first of two large deportations, see also later under 260 AD.
Further evidence of the parallel Syriac and Greek bishoprics in Persia
appears later in AD 340 and in AD 424, (see below). |
[13]
[35], p. 61 note 40.
[38],
p. 28
[42], p. 59 |
|
256 AD |
Synod of Carthage |
[7], p. 31 |
|
August 257 AD |
Valerian's first edict of
Christian persecution. |
[1]
[49], p. 134 |
|
258 AD |
Valerian's second and worst edict of
Christian persecution. This was particularly bad in North Africa where
Cyprian, bishop of Carthage was martyred. Cyprian was beheaded on
14th September AD 258, [49]. In a letter Cyprian wrote sometime
between 6th August and his death, he says that Valerian had
purged all Christians from the imperial household, confiscated their
property and sent them to do hard labour on the
imperial estates, [49]. The persecution during which Cyprian was martyred
lasted until the death of Valerian in AD 260. |
[1]
[7], pp. 33, 34
[49], pp.
134, 146 |
|
259 AD |
Dionysius became bishop of Rome.
He sat until AD 268. |
[49], p. 218 |
|
260 AD, (according to [33], [35], [38]
and [49]) |
The Roman emperor Valerian was
defeated in the East by king Shahpuhr or Shabor I king of Persia.
King Shabor I captured emperor Valerian and humiliated him before killing
him. He then recaptured Edessa and Syria. He sacked Antioch
and took Syria from the Romans.
After King Shabor I of Persia had
captured Antioch, he again deported large populations from Antioch,
Cappadocia, Cilicia and Syria including many Christians to Persia. The
deportees included Demetrianus bishop of Antioch, [49] who later
became bishop of Beth Lapat, also known as Gundeshapur in Persia, [60].
This is the second of two large deportations, see under 255 AD for the
first. According to Sassanian inscriptions cited in [49], the Aramaic
speaking believers deported by Shabor I were called 'N'sl'y', a word
derived from 'Nazarenes' whilst the Greek speaking believers were
called, 'Klystyd'n', a word derived from the Greek noun
'Christians'. This gives us important independent information about
the bilingual nature of the Christianity which existed in Antioch and the
names of the two cultural groups. The term 'Nazarene' first occurs in Acts
24v5, and it reoccurs at the end of the 4th century in the
writings of Jerome who tells us that the Nazarenes had their own Aramaic
version of the gospel. This Sassanian inscription identifies the Nazarene
group unambiguously as the term used to describe Aramaic speaking
Christians deported from Antioch.
After a few months, a successful Roman
counter attack was launched by Roman troops under Callistus with
the army of Odainath (Aramaic name: Udhainat II) who was
prince, (really king) of Palmyra. Afterwards, Palmyra controlled
Mesopotamia for 12 years as a Roman client. |
[1]
[7], 152
[33], pp. 110 - 111
[35], pp. 6-7, 60, 61:note
[38], p. 28
[49], p. 50
[60], p.
30 but the date is given as AD 253 |
|
260 AD
(sources have 259
AD) |
Valerian's son Gallienus becomes
emperor and decrees Christianity legal for the first time in AD 261, [49].
Emperor Gallienus gave orders to king Udhainat of Palmyra, to
attack and destroy the Roman general Callistus at Emesa or
Homs in Syria because he had rebelled, (he had probably tried to
take the throne when Valerian was killed). |
[1]
[35], p. 61:note
[49], p.
145 |
|
260 AD |
King Udhainat II of Palmyra,
takes control of Antioch and appoints Paul of Samosata as
bishop of Antioch. Paul had been trained in Christianity at Edessa.
The training of Paul of Samosata demonstrates that Edessa had a
Christian school at the beginning of the third century AD. The ruins
of Palmyra contain the remains of many churches built at this time.
This points to the official favour that
Christianity enjoyed in the east at this early time. |
[35], p. 62 |
|
261 AD |
The emperor Gallienus orders the
return of church property which had confiscated by Valerian. |
[49], p. 218 |
|
262 AD |
The Palmyrene king Udhainat
II (Roman name Odenathus) defeats the Persians and beats them
back to the capital Ctesiphon recapturing Nisibis and Dura
Europus as he went. The emperor Gallienus proclaimed king
Udhainat Imperator, (a designation given to victorious Roman
generals) and put him in charge of the Roman legions in the
east. |
[35], pp. 6-7, 23:map, 60,
61:note |
|
264 AD |
Paul of Samosata, bishop of
Antioch was censured for his doctrine and extravagant lifestyle by
the council of Antioch held in this year. |
[35], p. 62
[49], p.
218 |
|
267 AD |
The Palmyrene king Udhainat II
again defeated the Persians in a second campaign, again all the way to the
the Persian capital Ctesiphon but was then assassinated. He was succeeded
by his son Wahb-Allat, (Roman name Vaballathus) in whose name the
government was taken over by his mother, Queen Bath-Zebinah, (Roman
name Zenobia). At this time her domain and the control of Palmyra
included Cilicia, Mesopotamia, Syria, Phoenicia, Palestine and
Arabia. |
[35], p. 61 ¬e |
|
268 AD |
Died Dionysius bishop of
Rome. |
[49], p. 218 |
|
268 AD |
A synod at Antioch, attended by
80 bishops including Maximus of Bostra. The synod formally deposed
Paul of Samosata bishop of Antioch and elected in his place
Domnus son of Demetrianus, (probably the Demetrianus bishop of
Antioch who had been deported to Persia in AD 260). They could not evict
Paul however, because he enjoyed the protection of Zenobia, queen
of Palmyra. |
[35], p.
62 |
|
c. 268 AD |
General Zabdas of Palmyra
occupied Egypt and started to conquer Asia Minor in a direct
challenge to Roman power. |
[35], p. 61 |
|
270 AD |
Aurelian became Roman emperor,
reigning until AD 275. This emperor is said to have given a legal ruling
in favour of Domnus, bishop of Antioch
against his predecessor, Paul of Samosata. |
[49], p. 107 |
|
c. 270 AD |
Anthony of Egypt, (d. AD 356)
after listening to the NT being read, sells his possessions and moves out
of his village to live as a hermit, (AD 305). Others followed his example.
The network of hermits associated occasionally. This was essentially the
beginning of the monastic movement, 270 AD - 300 AD in Nitria Egypt (where some spoke Coptic) and in Palestine. The nascent monasteries were
anti-Arian in theology and initially separate to the Arian hierarchical
church system. |
[7], pp. 43 - 44
[35], p.
101
[49], p. 228 |
|
272 AD |
Hormezed son of Shabor I became
king of Persia. |
[37] p. xi |
|
273 or 274 AD |
Bahram I or Wurharen son
of Hormezed became king of Persia. |
[37] p. xi |
|
273 AD
[33], [35] and [49] have 272
AD |
The emperor Aurelian defeats
Queen Zenobia and destroys Palmyra. He thus recaptured
Antioch. Paul of Samosata who had already been formally
deposed from his see as bishop of Antioch in AD 268, was expelled after
losing the protection of Queen Zenobia. |
[2]
[33], p. 110
[35], p.
62
[49], p. 220 |
|
276 or 277 AD |
Bahram II son of Wurharen
with Bahram III Sunganshar became joint kings of Persia.
|
[37] p. xi |
|
279 AD |
St. Sargis and St. Bakhos
martyred |
Syrian Orthodox Church
website |
|
286 AD |
Zoroastrianism was adopted by the
Sassanid dynasty of kings as the official religion in Persia. This
happened due to the influence of the Zoroastrian high priest Kartir. After
this date, apostasy from the newly recognized religion became punishable
by death. |
[60], pp. 12, 29 |
|
286 AD
17th September
Year 1 anno Diocletiani
Year 1 'Era of
the Martyrs' |
Accession of Diocletian.
This
date is year 1, of the anno Diocletiani dating system used in 6th
century Rome and still used today by the Coptic Church. This system, like
all ancient calendars, had no year zero. The Coptic dating system uses
this reference date but says, for example, the year 400 in the 'Era of the
Martyrs' connecting this base date with the sufferings of many Christians
during Diocletian's reign. 286 AD is based on 532 AD as the benchmark date
for the AD dating system, because the AD dating system was invented in 532
AD, (the AD system has no year zero either).
Other commentators place Diocletian's
accession in AD 284, [49]. |
[1]
[2]
[5], p. 100 –
101
[49], pp. 147, 221 |
|
c. 289 AD |
Qone became bishop of Edessa
according to The Chronicle of Edessa. He sat until AD 313. |
Via [38], p. 40 |
|
291 AD - 371 AD |
Hilarion, a monk was born in the
village of Tabatha, five miles south of Gaza. He went to school in
Alexandria, became a Christian and joined Anthony and his Anchorite
sect in the Egyptian desert. (For more details on Anthony of Egypt,
see under AD 270 above.) |
[35], p. 106 |
|
293 or 294 AD |
Narsai Garmanshar became king of
Persia. |
[37] p. xi |
|
294 AD |
In the ninth year of Diocletian,
Abgar of Edessa was referred to, not as king, but as
Praetor. |
[17], p. 142 |
|
296 – 297 AD |
David bishop of Basra in Iraq
visited the Christians in Kerala India. |
[60], p. 42 |
|
296 AD |
The Roman general and Caesar
Galerius was defeated by the Persians near
Harran.
Galerius was one of four rulers set up
by Diocletian Augustus including himself. This tetrarchy consisted
of Diocletian Augustus then Maximian Augustus then Caesar
Constantius I and finally Caesar Galerius. |
[33], p. 111
[49], p.
222 |
|
297 - 298 AD |
Diocletian successfully attacks
Persia and resides in Antioch during the campaign |
[1]
[33], p. 111 |
|
297 - 298 AD
(609 AG) |
The Romans conquered
Nisibis. |
[28], p. 6 |
|
299 AD |
Birth of Ephrem Syrus in Nisibis, though C. McCarthy in her edition of his
Diatessaron commentary gives his approximate birth date as 306
AD. |
[25] |
|
