|
|
|
|
|
1001 AD |
Nathaniel, bishop of
Shenna was elected East Syrian Catholicos under the name John
V. He sat until AD 1012. Curiously, the Beth Gazza mentions this
person as Iwannis III here in the sequence of
patriarchs. |
[24], p. 235 |
|
1008 AD |
Eliya or Elijah Bar
Shinaya became East Syrian Metropolitan of Nisibis in AD 1008.
Elias wrote that within 40 years of `Abhd-Isho`'s episcopate, that
is by AD 1008, Eastern Syrian monasticism had collapsed to a very small
contingent of monks and monasteries, [38]. According to Wright, [24] Elias
Bar Shinaya was born in AD 975. He became a monk near Mosul and was later
appointed Bishop of Beth Nuhadhre in AD 1002 and then Metropolitan of
Nisibis on AD 1008. He was a prolific author who wrote many works both in
Arabic and in Syriac. His greatest work was a history called, 'Annals' or
Chronicle', (according to Wright, the only copy is found in BL Add. 7197).
These important histories have been published by Chabot and Brooks, CSCO
1909, 1910. Eliya also wrote four volumes on the decisions of
ecclesiastical law, an apology for the truth of the faith, hymns, metrical
homilies and a lexical work which survives in Mingana Syr 420
E. |
[24], p. 235 – 238
[38],
p. 140 – 141 |
|
Wednesday 19th
November
1012 AD |
Johannan VI Bar
Nazol was promoted from Bishop of Herta to become East Syriac
Catholicos. He sat until AD 1020. During his days there were mass
conversions of Christians to Islam following many losses from Arab tribal
warfare and Kurdish raiding parties. |
[24], p. 236 f.
[38], p.
139 |
|
1020 AD |
Isho`yabh IV Bar Ezekiel
became East Syriac Catholicos. He sat until AD 1025. |
[24], p. 236
[52], pp. 60,
63 |
|
1028 AD |
Elias I or Eliya
I of Karkha d'Gheddan in Beth Garmai became the East Syrian Patriarch.
Eliya collated the East Syrian synodicon and the canons of the church,
(see Mingana Syr MSS 586, 587). He was previously bishop of Tirha
and during this time he composed grammatical treatises. He sat until AD
1049. |
[24], pp. 233,
236 |
|
1043 AD |
Died `Abdu’llah ibn
at-Tayyib who had been the secretary of the East Syrian Patriarch,
Eliya I. `Abdu’llah translated a Syriac copy of the
Diatessaron into Arabic. Unfortunately the critical value of this
translation was diminished because the majority of the Syriac readings in
the copy he used had already been adapted to the Peshitta. The vulgarized
Syriac Diatessaron had been created earlier by the distinguished Syrian
lexicographer’ Isa ibn `Ali who flourished around AD
890. |
[24], p. 238
Petersen
“Diatessaron”, pp. 135 – 136 |
|
1049 AD |
Died Catholicos Eliya
I of Karkha d'Gheddan. According to the Beth Gazza [Borgia Syr. 60, p.
533 column 1], Eliya was succeeded by Yohannan and then by
Sabr-Isho`. There then seems to be a significant gap in the Beth
Gazza list, because the next patriarch mentioned in |
[24], p. 233 |
|
1049
AD |
`Abdisho` II Atoraya of
Nisibis was elected Catholicos of the East. In the Borgia Beth Gazza,
[Borgia Syr 60, p. 533 column 1] this `Abdisho` is the last patriarch in
the main list. This historical detail indicates that the patriarchal list
in the Beth Gazza service book was compiled at the latest during the
patriarchate of `Abdisho` between 1049 and 1090 AD. However, it is perhaps
more likely that the list of patriarchs was originally compiled during the
patriarchate of Eliya I. The Borgia Gazza does list later patriarchs, but
these are rather obvious later additions. |
|
|
1089 AD |
The governor of Tikrit
attacked the Syrian Orthodox Christians in that city and burned and looted
the Cathedral of Mar Ahudama, also known as the Green Church. The Syrian
Orthodox Maphrian, Yuhanna II Saliba and many others, escaped to
Mosul. After an attempt to return failed, Tikrit was abandoned by the
Syrian Orthodox Christian community. |
[60], p. 68 |
|
1089 AD |
The monasteries of Tur
`Abdin were destroyed and the monks were killed. This catastrophe was
recorded in a dated inscription. Even so, there is manuscript evidence
that not everything was destroyed, see under AD 1133 and 1184
below. |
[38], p. 140 |
|
1090 AD |
Died East Syrian Catholicos
`Abdisho` II. |
[46], volume 1, column
1158 |
|
1125 AD |
Mar Johannan
became Metropolitan of Marde. He wrote that in the year he became
metropolitan there was not one monk in Marde nor any at all in Tur
`Abdin and that no one even remembered how the monks had
lived. |
[38], p. 141 |
|
1133 AD |
Lazarus bar Saba, a native of
Beth Severina in Tur `Abdin recorded his name and address in the
colophon of a manuscript, BL. Add. 14498. This manuscript contains
anaphoras and prayers from the liturgy and demonstrates that perhaps not
all of the Syriac books at Tur `Abdin were destroyed in the disaster 44
years earlier, (see above AD 1089). |
Hatch 'Album' p.
178 |
|
1138 AD |
`Abhd-Isho` bar Mukl
of Mosul became Catholicos of the East. He sat until AD
1147. |
[24], p. 255 |
|
1152 or 1153
AD |
Yohannan bishop of the
Monastery of Mar Hananya also known as Deir Za'faran, 'The Safron
Monastery' held a synod there. Copies of the synodal acts survive in
Damascus Syrian Orthodox Patriarchate MS 8/11 ff. 215a – 216b (dated May
5th AD 1204 published by Voobus, CSCO vol. 367 etc.) and MS
Mardin Orth. 176 ff. 143a – 151b, a MS of the 15th
century. |
[62], pp. 24
f. |
|
1156 AD |
Mosul becomes the main centre
of the Syrian Orthodox Church in Iraq and the Maphrain Ignatius
Li'azir was called, 'The Maphrain of Tikrit, Nineveh, Mosul and all
the East'. |
[60], pp. 68 -
69 |
|
1166 AD |
Michael the Great
became Michael Patriarch of Antioch. He sat until AD 1199.
Michael's most important work was a chronicle from the creation down to AD
1196. This chronicle survives in Armenian and in AD 1894 a Syriac copy was
said to exist in the library of the Zafaran monastery near Mardin, Turkey,
[24]. According to Bar Hebraeus, Michael also wrote an ecclesiastical
history, (now lost). However, it is likely that the contents of Michael's
ecclesiastical history were re-used by Barhebraeus in his own historical
writings. |
[24], p. 251 ff.
[48],
volume 3, p. 1137 |
|
1166 AD |
Dionysius bar
Salibi of Melitene, was Syrian Orthodox metropolitan of Amid
from 1166 until his death in 1171 AD. He wrote an important commentary on
the four gospels in Syriac. Much but not all of his material comes from an
earlier commentary written by Moshe bar Kepha in the 9th
century AD. For Dionysius' gospel commentary, see the following MSS; BL
Add. 7184, Vat. Syr. 155, 19-24, Vat. Syr. 156, 275 to 279, Paris Anc.
fonds 33, 34 = Zotenberg catalogue numbers 67 – 68, Bodleian Lib. MS Or.
703, 2, St Matthew, Bodleian Hunt. 247. According to Zotenburg's catalogue
p. 35, the MS, Paris 67 is a copy of the gospel commentaries which was
completed and dated only 3 years after the decease of the author on
Saturday 27th Tammuz AG 1485 which corresponds to Saturday
27th July AD 1174. MS Paris 68 is also a dated MS: Friday
13th Kanun II in AG 1768 = Friday 13th January AD
1457.
These commentaries have also
been published by CSCO, Peeters, Louvain. Dionysius Bar Salibi also
wrote commentaries upon the Acts, letters of Paul and the Revelation,
(these can be found in Bodleian Lib. MS Or. 560 and Brit. Lib. MS Rich
7185) and upon the Old Testament, (see Paris Syriac MS 66). All the NT
commentaries are based upon the Peshitta text, however Old Syriac gospel
quotations and variants can still be found.
In Bar Salibi's gospel
commentary we find the following words about the Diatessaron, (I translate
his words into English from the Syriac found on folio 182a of MS Paris
Syriac 67):”Tatianos the disciple of Justinos the philosopher
and martyr selected from the four evangelists, and he mixed [them] and
composed a gospel and he called it, 'Diatessaron' that is, 'The
mixed' and Mari Ephrem wrote his commentary on this. It's start
was; 'In the beginning he was, the Word'.” These words differ slightly
from the description of the Diatessaron given by the earlier East Syrian
Isho`dad bishop of Merv, which see above. |
[24], p. 247
[34], p.
XXIII
[38], p. 135 |
|
1171 AD |
Died Dionysius bar
Salibi, Syriac author, biblical commentator and bishop of Amid.
|
[32], para 51
[34], p.
XXIII
[38], p. 135 |
|
1171 AD |
The patriarchal seat of the
Syrian Orthodox Church was moved and established in Mardin. |
[60], p. 93 |
|
July
1174 AD |
According to the colophon of
Paris Syriac 67 at this time, Michael was Syrian Orthodox Patriarch
of Antioch, Mark was Patriarch of Egypt, John was Maphrain
of the Orient and Athanasius was Metropolitan of
Edessa. |
Zotenburg, catalogue p.
35 |
|
1175 AD |
Eliya III, Abu
Halim ibn al-Hadithi of Maiperkat, metropolitan of
Nisibis became Catholicos of the East. He sat until AD 1190, [57]. Abu
Halim mostly wrote in Arabic, but he also gave his name to one of
the service books in Syriac, the 'Abu Halim' which contains
collects and prayers for the whole year. Example MSS are Rylands Syr 27
dated 17th February AG 2051 = AD 1740 and the Cambridge MSS;
Add. 1978, [40], [56] and Add. 2038, [40]. |
[24], p. 255 f.
[40], pp.
121, 1155
[56], p. 151
[57], p. 347 |
|
1177 AD |
Athanasius Abu Ghalib,
bishop of Gihan wrote a work on chastity in AD 1177 which is preserved in
Mingana Syr 118. He was ordained by Michael the Great in AD 1169.
It is stated in this work that the West Syrian monks of this time were
engaging in unchastity. This is probably the same cleric who is mentioned
in Paris Syriac MS 67 as Metropolitan of Edessa when the MS was completed
in July AD 1174. |
[46], volume 1, column
281 |
|
1184 AD |
A book of hymns was copied
and dated in the village of Kaper Rac`a in Tur `Abdin. BL. Add.
14719 |
Wright 'Catalogue' p.
275 |
|
1190 AD |
Yabh-Alaha II bar
Kayoma of Mosul became Catholicos of the East, [24]. Reference
[57] has the date as AD 1191. |
[24], p. 255
[57], p. 353
note 4 |
|
1190 or 1191 AD |
Mar Iwannis (John
LXXIV) was elected Syrian Orthodox Patriarch of Alexandria and
all Egypt. The date given is year 905 according to the era of the martyrs,
(see above under AD 286). He died in year 932 of the same era, i.e. around
AD 1217 or 1218. |
[62], p. XII |
|
November
1199
AD |
Died Michael Patriarch of
Antioch or Michael the Great, who had been Syrian Orthodox
bishop of Amid and who moved his see from Amid to Mardin. Michael was a
very important Syriac author. He created a NT in Syriac except the book of
Revelation. He also wrote a valuable chronicle of events down to the year
1194 AD which preserves much earlier Syriac historical materials which are
now lost. Michael the Great was succeeded by his nephew Isho`
Setana, see under AD 1204 below. |
[32]
[34], p.
XLV
[48], volume 3, p. 1137
[60], p. 70
[62], p. XI (in the intro
to the Syriac text) |
|
c. 1200 AD |
Flourished John bar
Zubi, an East Syrian monk of Beth Kuka in Hedhaiyabh (=Adiabene) who
tutored Shakko or Shikko, also known as Severus, bishop
of Mar Matthew, (see below under AD 1241). John wrote a Syriac
grammar, a number of copies of this work survive in the Mingana
collection. John's teacher was Shem`on Shaklawaya, i.e. from
Shaklabad who composed a work on church Chronology in response to a
request from John, [46]. |
[24], p. 258
[46], volume
1, column 1030 |
|
1202 AD |
At around this time in the
Upper Monastery of Mar Gabriel near Mosul, the liturgy was
restructured. Vööbus, [38] asserts that all the Old Syriac elements
were removed from the lectionary in favour of the Peshitta as well
as from all the other liturgical books. However, contrary to the second
part of this assertion, the surviving MSS of the Hudhra (the East
Syrian office book used by the choir arranged by `Anan Isho` of
Hedhaiyabh in the mid seventh century AD) and the MSS of the Beth
Gaza demonstrate beyond any doubt that the Old Syriac text was not in fact
removed from every liturgical book, only from the gospel lectionary.
Vatican Syriac MS 42 contains
a Taksa (i.e. a service book or Euchologion) for the Priest's use
whilst celebrating the East Syrian mass. This East Syrian Taksa was
revised in AD 1202. This date correlates with the date that the lectionary
system of the East Syrian liturgy was revised using the Peshitta by the
Upper Monastery of Mar Abraham and Mar Gabriel at Mosul. The
revision of the gospel lectionary required a large manuscript copying
effort to replace the older lectionaries. A number of dated examples of
these replacement lectionaries can be found mentioned below. |
Date according to the
introduction provided for Vat. Syr. 42 as found in the facsimile edition
of 33 MSS from the Vatican Library produced by the BYU.
[38], p.
142 |
|
5th May
1204
AD |
According to the colophon of
Damascus Patriarchate MS 8/11 reported in [62] at this time, Isho`
Setana also called Mika'el like his great uncle Michael the Great, was
Patriarch of Antioch, Mar Iwannis (John LXXIV) was Syrian
Orthodox Patriarch of Alexandria and all Egypt and Mar
Grigorios was Maphrian of Tagrit, Nineveh, Mosul and all the
East, (for whom see more details below under AD 1214).
Assemani (BO II, p. 230 ff.)
and also Baumstark (Geschichte Syr. Lit., p. 302) thought that Isho`
became Patriarch in AD 1207, but this colophon shows that he is more
likely to have become Patriarch of Antioch around the turn of the year AD
1200 soon after the death of Michael the Great. Isho` was from the
Monastery of Barsauma and he reigned until his death in AD
1214. |
[62], p. XI (in the intro to
the Syriac text) |
|
1206 or 1207 AD |
An East Syrian gospel
lectionary manuscript, BL. Egerton 681 was copied during the days of
Yabh-alaha II Catholicos of Seleucia Ctesiphon. The lectionary was
arranged after the usage of the lections in the convent of Beth
`Abhe which was founded by Rabban Jacob, (see earlier under AD
630). A similarly dated gospel lectionary from Beth `Abhe can be found
below, see under AD 1218. |
Wright “Catalogue” p.
193[38], p. 142 |
|
Saturday August
4th 1212 AD |
Sabr-Isho` bar Pawlos of
Mosul was rector, (Syriac: Yasopa) of the Church of
Meskenta in Mosul when the MS Mosul 13 was copied,
(according to the date 609 AH given in the MS colophon). This Sabr-Isho`
wrote an anthem on the [Divine] Economy which was recited at the fast
called the Rogation of the Ninevites. This anthem is included in the
13th century appendix of the 11th century Mar Eshaya
Hudhra. |
[57], p. 353 note
4 |
|
1214 AD |
Died Mika'el also known as
Isho` Setana Patriarch of Antioch. |
[62], p. XI (in the intro to
the Syriac text) |
|
1214 or 1215 AD |
Isho` (or Ya`qob) bar
Abraham bar 'Elija of Bet Qandasi near Melitene who was Mar
Grigorios Maphrian of Tagrit died in AD 1214 [62] or AD 1215, [46]. He
was a nephew of Michael I, also known as Michael the Great, [46], [62]. He
wrote anaphora which are preserved in MS Berlin Sachau 196 folios16a ff.,
[62] and a treatise on Good Friday preserved in Mingana MS Syr. 112 folios
92a – 107b, [46] |
[46], volume 1, column
273
[62], p. XII |
|
Between March and
September1218 AD |
An East Syrian lectionary of
the gospels was written in the convent of Beth `Abhe which was
founded by Rabban Jacob, (see earlier under AD 630). The dates
given in the MS are AG 1529 and AH 615. These two dates narrow down the
date of the manuscript to between March and September AD 1218. A similarly
dated gospel lectionary from Beth `Abhe can be found above, see under AD
1206. |
CBL MS 704
Hatch 'Album',
p. 222 |
|
1222 AD |
Died Yabh-Alaha II bar
Kayoma of Mosul Catholicos of the East, [57]. |
[57], p. 353 note
4 |
|
1222 AD |
East Syrian Patriarch
Yabh-Alaha III or Sabrisho` IV was elected. He sat until AD
1225. |
[46], volume 1, column
998 |
|
1225 AD |
Flourished Giwargis
Warda from Erbil who wrote Syriac poems, (two are dated; AD 1225 and
AD 1254, [46]) and hymns. According to Vööbus [38], some of these are
based on the Old Syriac gospel and some on the Peshitta. The
MSS studied by Vööbus were Cambridge Syr 1982 and Vatican Syr 184 with an
edition by Hilgenfeld. Other MSS include Mingana Syr 197 C and Mingana Syr
505 dated around AD 1500. |
[32], para 55
[38], p.
137
[46], volume 1, column 931 |
|
1225 AD |
Died Sabrisho` IV
Catholicos of the East. |
See above under 1222
AD. |
|
1241 AD |
Died the West Syrian author
and disciple of the John bar Zubi, Jacob bar Shakko, or more
exactly, Ya`qob of Bartilla, Bar Shikko, also known as Severus,
bishop of Mar Matthew. Some of his work called, The 'Treasures'
written in AD 1231 can be found preserved in Mingana Syr 100. Note that
Shikko was a West Syrian, despite being a disciple of John bar Zubi who
was East Syrian. |
[32], para 52
[46], column
246 |
|
1249 AD |
Died the West Syrian
Patriarch Michael II, formally known as Isho` Bar Shushan.
His copy of the gospels was Old Syriac in character as can be seen
from a gospel interpolation after Mt20v28 which can be found copied into
Mingana Syr 497, a copy of the Harklean gospels. The same interpolation
can be found in the Curetonian Old Syriac codex which dates from the
5th century AD. |
[46], volume 1, column
917 |
|
1256
AD |
Died East Syrian Patriarch
Sabrisho` V Bar Meshihaya. |
[46], volume 1, column
931 |
|
1258 AD |
The Abbasid Islamic
caliphate was ended by the invasion of the Mongol Khan Hulago who
conquered and sacked Baghdad. The Khan spared the Christians in Baghdad
because many Mongols were already Christians. |
[60], pp. xxiv,
90 |
|
1260 AD |
The Mongol Khan invaded Syria
and took Nisibis, Edessa, Harran, Aleppo and Damascus. |
[60], p. 91 |
|
1264 AD |
Gregory Barhebraeus Abdu
al-Faraj, (AD 1226 – 1286) became primate of the Syrian Orthodox
Church. Gregory was the son of a physician who after studying medicine in
Antioch and Tripoli turned to theological studies and the priesthood. See
also below under AD 1286. |
[60], p. 71 |
|
November 1265
AD |
Denha I became
East Syrian Catholicos. |
[40], volume 1, p.
39 |
|
1270 AD |
Died John of Mosul who
was an East Syrian monk in the monastery of Mar Michael near Mosul. John
wrote a work entitled 'Book of good manners' in AD 1245. Several MSS are
known to the present author, BL Orient 2450 and Mingana Syr 488 A, 493 A.
An edition of unknown exactness was published by Millos, E. J., Archbishop
of Akra, 'Directorium spirituale', Rome 1868. |
[24], p. 285 |
|
1271 AD |
Died East Syrian Metropolitan
`Abdisho` Bar Mashk who renovated the church of the Monastery of
Mar Eugenius. This monastery was situated on Mount Izla. |
[46], volume 1, column
373 |
|
February 1281
AD |
Died Denha I
East Syrian Catholicos. He was succeeded by Mar Yahb-Alaha III. He
sat until AD 1317, [24]. |
[40], volume 1, p.
39
[24], p. 255
[60], p. 95 |
|
1286 AD |
Died Gregory Barhebraeus
Abdu al-Faraj, Syrian Orthodox Maphrian of the East and a prolific
Syriac author, biblical commentator and scholar. On-line biographies of
Gregory Barhebraeus including lists of his many scholarly works are
available on the Internet, see link1 and link2.
Gregory exclusively used the Peshitta text of the gospels in his
many works. His most important historical work was his, 'Book of
Directions', more commonly known as 'The Nomocanon'. This is a
large collection of synodal canons from previous eras.
In Erbil at this time and
writing hymns was Khamis bar Qardahe or Kardahé. Khamis' life can be
pinned down to the vicinity of this date because he wrote a metrical
eulogy in memory of Barhebraeus which is preserved in Mingana Syr 156, a
19th century MS copied from an exemplar dated AD 1293, i.e. a
MS roughly contemporary with the author. A complete collection of Khamis'
works can be found in Mingana Syr 149B and some hymns of his can also be
found in Mingana Syr 130. |
[32], para 52
[38], p.
135
Hatch 'Album', p. 196
[46], volume 1, column
360 |
|
1294 AD |
Died Kublai Khan the
Mongol emperor. |
[60], p. 91 |
|
1295 AD |
Ghazan, the Mongol
Khan of Persia converted to Islam. He began a policy of persecuting
Christians and for one hundred years many churches were burned and
massacres of Christians took place, especially at Arbil in 1310 AD and in
Amida in 1317 AD. Whole Christian communities were
destroyed. |
[60], p. 91 |
|
1317 AD |
Died Mar Jahbalaha an
East Syrian monk who lived in Peking, China, and who later became
the Nestorian Patriarch of China, Mar Yahb-Alaha III (AD 1281 –
1317) based at the Patriarchal residence at Maragha. His biography
contains gospel quotations from an Old Syriac text, including
variants not found in the two surviving Old Syriac gospel manuscripts. The
two variants given in [38] can be traced to Justin Martyr and other
witnesses to the text of the Diatessaron. This suggests that the gospel
text used by the biographer may have been a copy of the
Diatessaron.
The colophon of a manuscript, Mingana Syr 156
written in AD 1293 states that it was written in his days.
The text of
his vita has been published by Bedjan, Paris 1888, [24]. |
[24], p. 289
[38], p.
137
[46], volume 1, column 359 |
|
February
1318
AD |
Timothy II became East
Syrian catholicos in the month of Shebat AG 1629, [53]. He sat until AD
1353, [46] (although Wright gives the date of his death as AD 1328, [24]
). He had previously been metropolitan of Mosul and Irbil under the name
Joseph. From these remarks it is possible that that Wright has
confused two near contemporary people of different dates.
Prior to his elevation,
Timothy wrote a work upon the liturgy called, 'About the ecclesiastical
mysteries', [53]. |
[24], p. 290
[46], volume
1, column 47
[52], p. 62
[53], p. 205 |
|
1318 AD |
Died `Abdisho`
Metropolitan of Nisibis, son of Berikha who was a prolific East Syrian
author and scholar. Although it is unclear whether he had access to this
book in its original format, `Abdisho` said that Tatian's
Diatessaron was, “An admirable gospel.” His comment is more likely
to be describing the Arabic Diatessaron, (see above under 1043
AD). |
[24], p. 285
[32], para
54
[38], p. 23
[42], p. 58 |
|
1353 AD |
Died Timothy II, East
Syrian Catholicos. Timothy wrote a book called, 'The causes of the
sacraments. Thirteen canons written by Timothy II can be also be found in
Mingana Syr 121 part F. Timothy was succeeded by Mar Denha
II who was still Catholicos in AD 1380 according to a MS colophon of
that date, [65]. |
[24], p. 290
[46], volume
1, column 47
[65], p. 105 |
|
14th
cent? |
Lived Yeshua` bar
Selibha dhe-khairon from Hah in Tur `Abdin
a Syrian Orthodox scholar who wrote memre in the twelve syllable metre. He
quotes Barhebraeus who died in AD1286 and his memre are in a manuscript
dated AD 1452. Therefore, he seems to have lived in about the
14th century AD. |
CUL Add.
2019 |
|
1382 AD |
Died East Syrian Catholicos,
Mar Dinha II. According to a note in Mingana 561, during his period
there were many 'wars and devastations'. For the reasons, see under AD
1295. |
[46], volume 1, column
1044 |
|
1393 AD |
Timur Leng conquered
Baghdad and overran Mesopotamia. This Khan persecuted both Sunni Muslims
and Christians and left mayhem everywhere until his death in AD 1405. This
devastation left Iraq in a weakened state for centuries. |
[60], pp. xxiv, 91,
92 |
|
1440 AD |
Lived the priest and East
Syriac author Isaac Shebadhnaya, also known as Asco. As well
as being a priest, Asco was a smith. He came from the country of the
Sindayé, a region north east of the modern town of Zakho, in a mountainous
area of northern Iraq. |
[46], volume 1, columns 77,
303, 347 |
|
7th August
1445
AD |
The Council of
Florence was attended by the East Syrian bishop Timotheus of Tarsus.
An attempt was made which failed to create a Uniat Catholic East Syrian
denomination called the Chaldean Church. |
[60], p. 108 |
|
1453 AD |
The Ottomans defeated
the Byzantines and took Constantinople. Constantinople was renamed
Istanbul and became the capital of the vast Ottoman empire. |
[60], p. 99 |
|
1454 AD |
Died the West Syrian
Ignatius V Behnam bar Yohannan Hedhlaya |
[46], volume 1, columns 194
and 718 |
|
May
1458
AD |
At this date `Abdisho`
metropolitan of Nisibis dedicated a manuscript in his own handwriting
to the Church of Mar Pethion. |
[65], p. 107 |
|
1481 AD
6989
Cr |
Died Abu L'Ma-ani `Aziz
bar Sabtha also known as Ignatius VII, the west Syrian
patriarch of Tur `Abdin. He wrote a commentary on the mystical
sayings of John Dalyatha, also known as John Saba, (see Mingana Syr 49 and
under c. AD 700). Mingana says that this commentary quotes some otherwise
lost sayings by John of Dalyatha. Ignatius also wrote another mystical
piece on 'The ascent of the mind', (copies of which can be found in
Mingana Syr 79 part B, and Syr 616).
A Melchite MS that is dated AD
1481 is also dated to the 6989th year of the creation, [46],
volume 2, p. 184. |
[46], volume 1, columns
140, 199, 227
[46], volume 2, p. 181 |
|
1480 or 1481
AD |
In AG 1792 one Mas`ud was
elected as Superior of the Syrian Orthodox Convent of Quriaqos in Tur
`Abdin, taking the name Basil. At this time he had been a monk
there for 10 years after becoming a monk at the age of 22
years. |
[66], part 2, p.
71 |
|
1484
AD |
Died the Syrian Orthodox
Patriarch Ignatius Khalaf Ma'adanaya who resided in the Zafaran
monastery. |
[46], volume 1, columns 678
and 695. |
|
20th
February
1497 AD |
Died the East Syrian
patriarch Shimun IV Basidi. He was buried at the Patriarchal
Residence which was then in the Monastery of Rabban Hormizd at
Alkosh, northern Iraq. He was succeeded by Eliya, metropolitan of
Mosul, who was a nephew of Shimun Basidi. |
[55], sections 3,
8 |
|
1499 or 1500
AD |
Mar Shem`on V the East
Syrian Patriarch consecrated Mar Thoma as bishop of the Syrians in
India during a visit of the Syrians from India to the patriarchal
residence at Gazarta. Mar Shem`on died in AD 1501 or 1502 and he was
buried at the Mar Augin Monastery near Nisibis. |
[55], section
9 |
|
1502
AD |
Eliya V succeeded Mar
Shem`on to become patriarch of the Church of the East. As his predecessor
had, he also resided in Gazarta, in the monastery of Mar Yukhannan the
Egyptian. |
[55], section
10. |
|
After April
8th 1504 AD |
Died the East Syrian
patriarch Mar Eliya V [46], [55] who was succeeded by Mar
Shem`on VI, [46], [55] who resided at a different place, the
Monastery of Rabban Hormizd, [55].
On April 8th AD
1504, not long before he died, Mar Eliya consecrated more bishops and
metropolitans for the Church of the East in India, [55]. |
[46], volume 1, column
1064
[55], section 10 |
|
1509
AD |
Died Syrian Orthodox
patriarch Ignatius Noh who was from the village of
Bakofa. |
[46], volume 1, column
1108 |
|
1534
AD |
The Ottomans conquered
Baghdad and Northern Iraq. |
[60], pp. xxiv,
99 |
|
5th
August
1538 AD |
Died the East Syrian
patriarch Mar Shem`on VI. His tombstone inscription in the
Monastery of Rabban Hormizd giving the date 5th Ab AG 1849 has
been edited by Budge, [63]. |
[55], section 11
[63],
vol. 1. p. clxxi |
|
1546
AD |
The Ottomans complete
their conquest of Iraq by taking Basra. |
[60], pp. xxiv, 92,
99 |
|
1552
AD |
Yohannan Sulaqa
was elected by the bishops of Arbil, Urmiya and Salmas as East Syrian
patriarch in opposition to the then hereditary heir to that title.
Yohannan Sulaqa had been abbot of the monastery of Rabban
Hormizd. He adopted the name John VIII. This man went to Rome and was
recognized as patriarch by pope Julius III. |
[60], p. 108 |
|
1553
AD |
The East Syrian
anti-patriarch Yohannan Sulaqa of the Abuna family acquired
papal recognition. This patriarch was elected in opposition to the
patriarch of the Church of the East. |
[55], section
3 |
|
1555
AD |
On his return the patriarch
of the Church of the East, Shimon VIII Dinkha declared the election
of Yohannan Sulaqa illegitimate and turned him over to the Ottoman
authorities. Yohannan was murdered in 1555 AD and the Uniat
community elected `Abdisho IV as Chaldean patriarch in his place.
This man could not travel to Rome to receive his recognition until 1562
AD. |
[60], p. 109 |
|
1555
AD |
Ignatius `Abd-Allah
was Syrian Orthodox patriarch and Basil Nimat-Allah from
Mardin was Mephrain of the East. MS Mingana Syr 607 is dated AD
1555 and was written in the days of these leaders. |
[46], volume 2, p.
170 |
|
November
1558
AD |
Died the East Syrian
patriarch Mar Shem`on VII. His tombstone inscription in the
Monastery of Rabban Hormizd giving the date of the 4th Saturday
in the Latter Tishrin has been edited by Budge, [63]. |
[63], vol. 1. p.
clxxi |
|
1560 to 1573 AD |
Ignatius Nimat-Allah
was Syrian Orthodox patriarch of Antioch and Basil `Abed
Al-Ghani was Maphrian of the East.
MS Mingana Syr 474 is dated
AD 1560 and was written in the days of these leaders, and in the
Zafaran monastery.
The colophon of an exemplar
used by the Mingana Syr 385 was dated AD 1568 and again gives the names of
these leaders in full.
MS CUL 1999 dated AD 1573 was
written in the convent of Mar Hananya and Mar Eugenius near Mardin,
which is nowadays called the Zafaran Monastery. This MS contains
the works of John Saba also called John of Dalyatha and some
letters of Philoxenus, bishop of Mabbog. |
Mingana Syr 474
colophon
Mingana Syr 385 colophon
CUL Add. 1999
colophon
|
|
23rd July
1576
AD |
According to a MS colophon,
Mar Eliya was patriarch of the East and Gabriel was bishop
metropolitan of Gozarta. |
[65], p. 129 |
|
1577 or
1578
AD |
According to a MS colophon,
in the year AG 1889, Mar Eliya was patriarch of the East and
Yoseph was bishop metropolitan of Gozarta. |
[66], part 1, p.
500 |
|
1577 to 1586 AD |
Ignatius David Shah
was West Syrian Patriarch and Gregory Pilate was Mephrain of the
east. According to the colophons of MSS Mingana Syr 473 and Syr
612 |
[46], volume 1, column
850
[46], volume 2, p. 179 |
|
1579 AD |
The East Syrian patriarch
Shimun IX of the Abuna family inherited the patriachate. He sat
until 1600. This line of patriarchs had the recognition of the Catholic
pope. |
[55], section
3 |
|
1588 AD |
According to a MS colophon
with this date, lived Mar Eliya the East Syrian patriarch and
Henanisho` was the metropolitan [of Nisibis?]. |
[65], p. 101 |
|
Late January
1591
AD |
Died Mar Eliya, patriarch
of the East. He had ruled for 32 years. His tombstone inscription in
the Monastery of Rabban Hormizd giving the date and the duration of his
tenure has been edited by Budge, [63]. The date is recorded as the
Wednesday of the Feast of the Apostles AG 1902. |
[63], vol. 1. p.
clxxii |
|
1591 AD |
Lived the priest and Eastern
Syriac author, Israel of Alkosh. Some of his work can be found in
Mingana Syr 129B, 130J and 149G |
[46], volume 1, column
77 |
|
17th
January
1597 AD |
A MS colophon names
Eliya as patriarch of the East and Yoseph as metropolitan,
(presumably of Gozarta, see above under AD 1577). the MS is dated Saturday
27th Kanun Second, AG 1908. |
[65], p. 128 |
|
1601 AD |
Lived an East Syrian
Patriarch called Eliya. His name is recorded in the colophon of a
dated MS. This may have been the same person as Eliya VII patriarch of
the East who sent messengers to Rome to attempt a reconciliation in
1606 AD. It came to nought. |
[46], volume 1, column
998 |
|
26th May
1617
AD |
Died Eliya patriarch of
the East. His tombstone inscription in the Monastery of Rabban Hormizd
giving this date has been edited by Budge, [63]. The recorded date is
given as 26th Iyar AG 1928. |
[63], vol. 1. p.
clxxii |
|
1645 AD |
Lived Eliya the East
Syrian patriarch and John, bishop of Mardin. This information
comes from a MS colophon of this date. |
[65], p. 99 |
|
c. 1650 |
Died Shim`on West Syrian
Patriarch of Tur `Abdin. Shim`on wrote a Syro-Arabic
lexicon. |
[46], volume 1, column
913 |
|
30th May
1650
AD |
According to a MS colophon of
this date written in the Monastery of Eliya there was strife between Mar
Eliya the East Syrian Patriarch and Shim`on the Catholicos.
This evidence indicates that Shim`on and Eliya were rival patriarchs at
this time, see also under AD 1654. |
[65], p. 129 |
|
1654 AD |
The first West Syrian
patriarch converts to Roman Catholicism. This record is given in a
contemporary note in Mingana MS 46 |
[46], volume 1, column
121. |
|
November
1654 AD
to
May
1665 AD |
According to the colophons of
two East Syrian MSS of these dates, there was a Mar Shimon patriarch of
the East and a Mar Shimon bishop metropolitan of Amid. This was
a schismatic hierarchy given that Eliya was the patriarch of the East at
the same time, see above under AD 1650. |
[65], pp. 115,
132 |
|
1656 AD |
Andrew Akhejan was
consecrated as Maronite Catholic bishop of Aleppo. (see also under 1662
AD.) |
[60], p. 112 |
|
18th June
1660
AD |
Died Eliya patriarch of
the East. He had ruled for 43 years. His tombstone inscription in the
Monastery of Rabban Hormizd giving this date and duration of tenure has
been edited by Budge, [63]. The date given in the inscription is
18th Haziran, AG 1971. |
[63], vol. 1. p.
clxxii |
|
1662 AD |
Andrew Akhejan was
elected patriarch and operated from Aleppo. For a time, he led both the
Syrian Catholic and the Syrian Orthodox communities there. In 1677 he
became the leader of the Uniat movement. |
[60], p. 112 |
|
1672 AD |
Relations were severed
between the uniat Chaldeans and Rome in a dispute over the control of the
Church of the East in Kerala, India. The Chaldean patriarch Shimon XIII
Dinkha then formed of a new faction of the Church of the East called
the 'Mountain Nestorians'. This new faction was based around the monastery
of Kotchannes in the Hakkari mountains.
It really seems that there
was widespread fragmentation within the Church of the East at about this
time. |
[60], p. 109 |
|
1677 AD |
Peter Gorgis of Mosul
became West Syrian Patriarch. He sat until AD 1708. |
[46], volume 1, column
708 |
|
1681 AD |
Lived West Syrian Patriarch
of Antioch Ignatius `Abd Al-Masih and Mephrain Basil
Yalda. |
[46], volume 1, column
1062 |
|
1681 AD |
Joseph I became the
first Chaldean (Catholic Uniat) East Syrian Patriarch. Papal recognition
occurred in AD 1681. He sat until AD 1695 when he abdicated. He died later
on November 10th 1707, [55]. In Joseph's time, the Chaldean
Patriarchate was established at Diarbekr, (known in earlier times as the
city of Amida). |
[51], p. 139
[55],
sections 3, 34. |
|
1689 AD |
The Monastery of
Zafaran (= of Safron) near Mardin was restored under the care of the
Patriarch Ignatius George, (for details of his date, see above
under AD 1677). |
[46], volume 1, column
98 |
|
1693 AD |
Lived another East Syrian
Patriarch called Eliya, probably Elijah VIIth who sat until AD
1700. |
[46], volume 1, columns 994,
1134 |
|
1695 or 1696 AD |
Lived another East Syrian
patriarch, Mar Shim`on who is mentioned in the dated MS colophon of
Alqosh 107, [66]. |
[66], part 2, p.
64 |
|
1696 AD |
Joseph II Sliba Bet Ma`ruf
became Chaldean (Catholic Uniat) East Syrian Patriarch. He sat until
AD 1712. Joseph died of the plague whilst he was visiting Rome on June
2nd, 1712, [55], ([52] has 1713 and [54] has 1714). His
personal copies of the Hudhra (Vat. Syr. 83) and of the East Syrian
Euchologion, (Vat. Syr. 42) are still preserved in the Vatican Library.
Joseph wrote an 'Exposition of the Ecclesiastical Offices,' an
18th century copy of which survives in the Chaldean
Patriarchate library, (Baghdad) MS 252. He was a prolific author who wrote
in classical Syriac and in Arabic and he translated many Roman Catholic
works into these languages, [55]. |
[52], p. 63
[54], p.
lxiii
[55], section 35 |
|
17th May
1700
AD |
Died Eliya patriarch of
the East. He had ruled for 40 years. His tombstone inscription in the
Monastery of Rabban Hormizd giving this date and duration of tenure has
been edited by Budge, [63]. The date given in the inscription is
17th Iyar, AG 2011. According to Scher, he was succeeded by
another patriarch of the same name, [66]. |
[63], vol. 1. p.
clxxii
[66], part 2, p. 65 |
